Renue by science - RENUE BY SCIENCE introduces SLC NMN Delayed Release Capsules, which aids absorption via the SLC12a8 Transporter. Impervious to low pH (acidic) environment. Dissolves in high pH of small intestine. Protects NMN from digestion by bacteria in stomach. Sodium Bicarbonate – Maximizes absorption. TMG – Methyl Replacement.

 
Dr. Clark Driggers, serves as the Chief Medical Advisor at Renue By Science, specializing in wellness, anti-aging, and regenerative medicine. He is the founder of ReNU MD, a medical practice for anti-aging and regenerative medicine, offering an epigenetics-based approach to personalized healthcare. There he developed the LIVE YOUNG program; a …. Liberty house jersey city nj

Manufacturing. Wellness. Headquarters Regions East Coast, Southern US. Operating Status Active. Also Known As Alive by Nature. Legal Name Renue By Science, LLC. Company Type For Profit. Contact Email [email protected]. Phone Number +1-800-810-1935. Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray comprised of very small (20 nanometer) liposomes. RENUE Liposomal Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) - Bioavailable Formula for Increased Absorption,Capsule Recommendations 2000 MG Liposomal Nicotinamide Riboside Supplement, High Absorption, NAD+ Boosting Supplement with TMG and Pterostilbene, Superior to Niacinamide for Cellular Energy, and Age Resist, 120 SoftgelsResearch shows that NAD+ precursors are largely degraded and digested by enzymes and bacteria in the stomach, to other metabolites that are less effective.. NR Degraded By Bacteria in the Stomach. This study reveals a substantial breakdown of NR into various metabolites (NAM, NA, NAR) within the colon. The blue bars represent orally administered NR. In mice without … Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray comprised of very small (20 nanometer) liposomes. Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here.Retailers have not been directed to stop selling yet, and we will ship any orders received before that happens, if it ever happens. (This does not apply to our new NMN Pet products, as they are not dietary supplements).. We will continually … Renue By Science Ranked As Best Overall NMN Supplement by InnerBody Research. 09 Feb. Introducing NR 1000. 06 Feb. New & Improved TMG Formula. 26 Jan. Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table …These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray comprised of very small (20 nanometer) liposomes. Blood Sugar Support. Trans-Resveratrol (Liposomal) 90 Ct. $ 41.95. Resveratrol is a natural compound known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.†. LIPO Trans-Resveratrol is designed to support healthy aging, cellular function, and metabolic health.†. LIPO Trans-Resveratrol is also available in our combination product ... Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) is a naturally occurring precursor used for NAD+ biosynthesis.† NR Powder – Smooth Taste Blend offers a pure form of NR, enhancing NAD+ levels and promoting cellular health with a refreshing citrus taste.† Still, I decided to try Renue for that too. I took a before picture about 2.5 months ago. Then I took the same photo just last week. There is no question that the hairs are thicker and that some new hairs have returned. Renue restores youthful skin, repairs damage and seems to literally turn back time. These products are in a league of their own."Re: Alive by Nature is now Alive by Science! Post by Newage » Thu Sep 03, 2020 3:40 am jocko6889 wrote: ↑ Thu Sep 03, 2020 1:42 am Same great company, now with a new name!Coenzyme Q10 and NAD+. CoQ 10, also known as Coenzyme Q10, is a powerful antioxidant that protects and supports proper mitochondrial health.It is a well-known free radical scavenger for mitochondrial and lipid membranes. In addition to its antioxidant properties, it is directly involved in the electron transport chain reaction that leads to the … Energizer AM is a synergistic combination of science-backed anti-aging compounds formulated to increase NAD⁺ levels while preserving NAD⁺ pools, fuel your mitochondria and boost cellular energy. Energizer AM contains Lipo Hesperidin, Lipo CoQ10, Lipo Trans-Resverarol and Lipo Green Tea, which boost mitochondria, the cells energy source and ... These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here. Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray comprised of very small (20 nanometer) liposomes. Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray comprised of very small (20 nanometer) liposomes. Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here. Sale! Renue™ Body Serum with Vitamin D3, Glutathione, NAD⁺, NMN, NR (Liposomal) $ 84.95 $ 46.95. Renue™ delivers the transformative power of NAD⁺, NMN, NR along with Apocynin, Vitamin D3, and Glutathione across the layers of the skin using breakthrough nanoliposome technology. 2 mL (2 pumps) provides 100 mg NAD⁺ Complex. Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray …RENUE BY SCIENCE encourages parents and guardians to instruct children about the safe and responsible use of personally identifiable information on the Internet. RENUE BY SCIENCE will not knowingly collect, use, or disclose to any third party any personally identifiable information collected from children under the age of 18. Linked WebsitesThese statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.The $14.2 billion Affordable Connectivity Program provides low-income households up to $30 off their internet bill each month, and households living on eligible …Renue By Science Gabriella Kecskemeti We recommend keeping the products in their original container to protect them from moisture. Our NMN is a proprietary formulation of stabilized, crystalline nicotinamide mononucleotide optimized for potency, pharmacodynamic and pha …Renue By Science PURE NMN powder is the best nmn powder supplement choice. The powder is meant to be taken sublingual which is said to help improve fast absorption and help improve bioavailability. It is also meant to work out more cost effective than taking NMN capsules according to Renue By Science. WHICH PRODUCT IS RIGHT FOR YOU ? In 2016 we pioneered Sublingual delivery of NMN, and since then have advanced the industry further with Intranasal, Transdermal, and Liposomal NMN products. Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray comprised of very small (20 … Trans- Resveratrol is a natural compound known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. † Our PURE Trans-Resveratrol™ 100-gram Crystalline Powder i s designed to support healthy aging, cellular function, and metabolic health. Renue By Science. @RenueByScience ‧ 7.31K subscribers ‧ 14 videos. We are the industry leader and largest manufacturer of bioavailable NAD+ products. We offer the highest quality, most...Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray comprised of very small (20 …These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Renue by Science is a company that sells NMN, a molecule that helps make NAD+, a compound vital for cellular health and longevity. Learn what NMN is, how it works, and why it may have potential benefits for aging and well-being. † These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Sept. 7, 2023 – FDA Fails to Reach Decision on Citizen Petition. The Natural Products Association (NPA) and the Alliance for Natural Health (ANH) filed a citizen’s petition with the FDA, and received a response. Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here. Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here. Renue By Science. @RenueByScience ‧ 7.31K subscribers ‧ 14 videos. We are the industry leader and largest manufacturer of bioavailable NAD+ products. We offer the highest quality, most...Welcome to RenuebyScience.com! by jocko6889 » Fri Feb 25, 2022 1:43 pm. As you may have noticed, we have a new company name and new URL! Alive by Science is now Renue by Science! This forum should now be updated with all recent posts from alivebyscience.com. Please let us know if you have any questions. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here.RENUE BY SCIENCE introduces SLC NMN Delayed Release Capsules, which aids absorption via the SLC12a8 Transporter. Impervious to low pH (acidic) environment. Dissolves in high pH of small intestine. Protects NMN from digestion by bacteria in stomach. Sodium Bicarbonate – Maximizes absorption. TMG – Methyl Replacement.Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray … WHICH PRODUCT IS RIGHT FOR YOU ? In 2016 we pioneered Sublingual delivery of NMN, and since then have advanced the industry further with Intranasal, Transdermal, and Liposomal NMN products. Business Profile for Renue By Science. Vitamins and Supplements. At-a-glance. Contact Information. 1534 Oak St Ste 302. Jacksonville, FL 32204-3932. Visit Website (800) 810-1935. Customer Reviews. Science, research and innovation are a top priority. We only use the highest quality ingredients, which are validated by scientific research. We are committed to customer satisfaction, product quality, purity and efficacy. Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray comprised of very small (20 nanometer) liposomes. Renue NAD+ Skin Care. Topics: 51, Posts: 655. Last post Re: Body serum by drkris69 Wed Jan 03, 2024 3:37 am; NMN. Topics: 374, Posts: 3710. Last post Re: Covid vaccination and NMN by Boxcost Sun Jan 07, 2024 2:43 am; NAD+. Topics: 100, Posts: 1479. Last post Re: Beginning of a new journey by drkris69 ... Renue by Science Affiliate …These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.Renue by Science Supplements Review in 2024. Renue by Science is a renowned supplement brand offering a range of products designed to promote longevity …Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here.Resveratrol with Curcumin (Liposomal Gel) 150 mL – RENUE BY SCIENCE. Sale! Inflammation Support. Resveratrol with Curcumin (Liposomal Gel) 150 mL. $ 60.95 $ 29.95. Resveratrol with Curcumin liposomal gel is designed for sublingual (under the tongue) use for superior bioavailability. 2 pumps provide 125 mg liposomal Resveratrol 75 mg liposomal ...Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray …Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here.Route and Type of Formulation Administered Influences the Absorption and Disposition of Vitamin B 12 Levels in Serum. This study compared five formulations for bioavailabilty in humans over 6 hours.A standard table (iii) was compared against an emulsion (ii), a chewabletablet (iv), an oral spray comprised of larger liposomes (v) and an oral spray comprised of very small (20 …† These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.Standalone. HLA – Hyaluronic Acid (Liposomal) 90 Ct. $ 49.95. Hyaluronic Acid (HLA) is a key molecule involved in skin, joint and bone health.†. LIPO HLA is designed to optimize skin hydration, support joint maintenance, and protect bone integrity.†. LIPO HLA is also available in our combination product, Defender. Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here. Orders placed after 2PM EST on Fridays, will be processed the following Monday. Business days are Monday-Friday, excluding scheduled fulfillment center closures. We do not ship orders on Saturdays or Sundays. RENUE BY SCIENCE cannot be held responsible for any unanticipated delivery delays beyond our control. Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here. These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Energizer AM is a synergistic combination of science-backed anti-aging compounds formulated to increase NAD⁺ levels while preserving NAD⁺ pools, fuel your mitochondria and boost cellular energy. Energizer AM contains Lipo Hesperidin, Lipo CoQ10, Lipo Trans-Resverarol and Lipo Green Tea, which boost mitochondria, the cells energy source and ... Renue by Science Resveratrol’s cost is also worthy of note; though slightly more costly than some alternatives on the market, I believe its investment justifies itself when taking into account its quality and efficacy. Renue by Science Resveratrol was an enjoyable 30-day experience for me. It helped increase energy levels while its high-quality formulation gave me …Amazon has removed ALL NMN products Get the best quality, most bioavailable NMN at the best price here Compare our prices to brands previously on Amazon belowOur Renue skin care products utilize Liposomes to deliver NAD+ to all layers of the skin to help fight the effects of aging on the skin. Clinical research (in humans) at a top university is ongoing now to verify the beneficial effects of these products. ... Because I believed in the research and science behind the ingredients, I took a dive at this product. I am glad that I found it!”Still, I decided to try Renue for that too. I took a before picture about 2.5 months ago. Then I took the same photo just last week. There is no question that the hairs are thicker and that some new hairs have returned. Renue restores youthful skin, repairs damage and seems to literally turn back time. These products are in a league of their own."Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here.TMG Methylation Essentials combines five key nutrients – TMG, Zinc, Folate, B12, and B6 – in one synergistic blend, providing targeted support for healthy methylation. TMG Methylation Essentials replaces our original TMG product which contained only TMG, as we wanted to provide comprehensive methylation support, with the convenience of one single product.These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.Each month, Renue by Science offers a new discount code for savings of up to 10% on most items. Additionally, we frequently send out promotional coupons for individual items. Check out the current codes below and apply them to your next purchase. We also recommend signing up for our weekly newsletter to receive additional discounts.Mar 26, 2023 · RENUE Liposomal Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) - Bioavailable Formula for Increased Absorption,Capsule Recommendations 2000 MG Liposomal Nicotinamide Riboside Supplement, High Absorption, NAD+ Boosting Supplement with TMG and Pterostilbene, Superior to Niacinamide for Cellular Energy, and Age Resist, 120 Softgels Mar 26, 2023 · RENUE Liposomal Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) - Bioavailable Formula for Increased Absorption,Capsule Recommendations 2000 MG Liposomal Nicotinamide Riboside Supplement, High Absorption, NAD+ Boosting Supplement with TMG and Pterostilbene, Superior to Niacinamide for Cellular Energy, and Age Resist, 120 Softgels Cognition & Focus. CoQ10 (Liposomal) 90 Ct. $ 52.95. LIPO CoQ10 features our proprietary, powder-based liposomes made from natural phospholipid molecules that protect Coenzyme Q10 from digestive enzymes and carry it into the bloodstream for targeted systemic delivery. LIPO CoQ10 is also available in our combination product, Energizer AM.Upon taking 1 gram daily of Renue by Science NMN, I noticed the following benefits within the first 30 days: Improved energy levels and stamina. Enhanced cognitive function and focus. Better stress resistance and mood stability. Greater endurance during workouts. Potential support for DNA repair and cell regeneration.The aim of taking any supplement is to ensure its transport into the bloodstream. However, due to the low absorption and bioavailability rates of traditional oral capsules, active ingredients lose most of their potency while passing through the gastrointestinal tract or are simply not absorbed in the small intestine at all.Heart Health. CardioMAX – Liposomal Berberine, Red Yeast Rice, CoQ10 120 Ct. $ 49.95. CardioMAX blends Liposomal Red Yeast Rice, Coenzyme Q10, and Berberine. Designed to support a healthy heart and vascular system for overall well-being.†. Each Capsule Contains 400 mg Liposomal Red Yeast Rice 100 mg Liposomal CoQ10 100 mg Liposomal Berberine.Renue By Science Ranked As Best Overall NMN Supplement by InnerBody Research. 09 Feb. Introducing NR 1000. 06 Feb. New & Improved TMG Formula. 26 Jan. NMN Soft Chews for Your Dogs & Cats. 09 Dec. FDA Moves to Stop Sales of NMN Supplements. 14 Nov. Price Drop on NMN Powder (100g) 24 Mar. Black Friday Sale. 27 Nov. NMN Product Comparison. 17 Oct. …Heart Health. CardioMAX – Liposomal Berberine, Red Yeast Rice, CoQ10 120 Ct. $ 49.95. CardioMAX blends Liposomal Red Yeast Rice, Coenzyme Q10, and Berberine. Designed to support a healthy heart and vascular system for overall well-being.†. Each Capsule Contains 400 mg Liposomal Red Yeast Rice 100 mg Liposomal CoQ10 100 mg Liposomal Berberine.

Real Image of a Liposome. Liposomes are a revolutionary way of encapsulating active ingredients in a phospholipid “bubble” to protect and deliver them directly to the cells of your tissues, which are reached via the bloodstream. ⑴ This allows for the ingredients to be absorbed and utilized rather than being destroyed in the stomach. . Caldwell university

renue by science

TMG Methylation Essentials combines five key nutrients – TMG, Zinc, Folate, B12, and B6 – in one synergistic blend, providing targeted support for healthy methylation. TMG Methylation Essentials replaces our original TMG product which contained only TMG, as we wanted to provide comprehensive methylation support, with the convenience of one single product.These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. PRODUCTS. All Longevity Products. Combination Products. NAD+ Products. Pet Treats. NAD+ Skin Care. Home Health Testing. COMPANY.RENUE BY SCIENCE sells mid-range purchase size items on its own website and partner sites in the extremely competitive online vitamins & supplements industry. On March 27th, 2024, we added our most recent RENUE BY SCIENCE promo code. We've found an average of $29 off RENUE BY SCIENCE discount codes per month over the …RENUE BY SCIENCE introduces LIPO Caps™ the Gold Standard in supplement delivery systems that provides maximum nutrient absorption throughout the body and is clinically proven to enhance the bioavailability up to 6x more than liquid liposome formulations . ABOUT LIPOSOMES Liposomes encapsulate active ingredients in a phospholipid …ABOUT RENUE BY SCIENCE. As the industry leader and largest manufacturer of NAD+ products, we consult with a wide range of research and clinical doctors to understand the latest research and combine that with feedback from tens of thousands of customers on our forum and Facebook Group. This helps us learn so we can offer the best quality, most … Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here. RENUE BY SCIENCE. Published April 14, 2022 at 1000 × 650 in. Both comments and trackbacks are currently closed. ← Previous.These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.Jun 19, 2023 · Renue By Science PURE NMN powder is the best nmn powder supplement choice. The powder is meant to be taken sublingual which is said to help improve fast absorption and help improve bioavailability. It is also meant to work out more cost effective than taking NMN capsules according to Renue By Science. Renue by Science offers liposomal supplements that enhance bioavailability and effectiveness of active ingredients. Their products include NAD+ boosters, anti …Renue by Science offers bioavailable NAD+ supplements and products for longevity, energy, and skin health. Learn how liposomes, patented delivery system, and …Compare the best NMN supplements for boosting cellular health and longevity. Learn about Renue by Science's products, doses, delivery methods, and … These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. NAD+ and Precursors. Longevity Blends. Sleep & Mood Support. Cognitive Support. Energy Support. Blood Sugar Support. Heart Health. Immune Health. Bone & Joint Health.9 – Clinical evaluation of changes in biomarkers by oral intake of NMN. Date: June 2022 Model: Postmenopausal women between 50 and 80 years old Duration: 12 weeks Dosage: 300 mg/day of oral NMN Results: “Supplementing older women with 300 mg of oral NMN improves sugar and cholesterol metabolism.” ( 9a)FAQ. Multi-Ingredient Combination Products. Anti-Inflammatory, Senolytic & AMPK Activators. Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news & research. Our promotions are sent out Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here. Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research.Join our newsletter for weekly discounts, product news and research. Our weekly promotions are sent out on Friday mornings. Signup for our newsletter here.Use of RENUE BY SCIENCE Trademarks Online. Images and likenesses of RENUE BY SCIENCE’s trademarks and trade dress (including pictures of bottles bearing RENUE BY SCIENCE labeling) and copyrighted product descriptions can be downloaded from RENUE BY SCIENCE websites by Professional-Customers who have opened a RENUE BY …Our Renue™ Lotion was first introduced in May of 2019 and we've received great feedback on it. Our Renue™ Skincare line has since expanded and we are even more excited about the potential of our Renue™ Age Defying Serum for restoring and repairing skin that is ravaged by aging. ... Eventually, my search let me to NAD+ by Alive by Science and I ….

Popular Topics